David Humes Thoughts On Empiricism Essay Example for Free

David Humes Thoughts On Empiricism Essay One of the most notable figures in the history of western philosophy was Scottish philosopher David Hume. Hume was widely known for his views on Empiricism. Empiricism has been pondered since the beginnings of philosophy by many famous figures, from Aristotle to John Locke. (Wikipedia) Empiricism claims that human knowledge is founded on observation and use of the five senses. Hume published a literary work titled Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. This had a profound impact on empiricist philosophy. (Heter) In section 2 of the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, titled Of the Origin of Ideas, Hume makes distinctions about impressions and ideas. Simply stating how a memory obtained from the central nervous system can never reach the level of raw, vividness that the original impression had made. An example of this concept can be something along the lines of experiencing free fall. We have all experienced free fall at some point in our lives. Simply recalling that moment can never fully allow us to grasp the gut wrenching excitement of pure gravity. An interesting thought brought forward in section 2 is The Copy Principle. Hume states But though our thought seems to possess this unbounded liberty, we shall find, upon a nearer examination, that it is really confined within very narrow limits, and that all this creative power of the mind amounts to no more than the faculty of compounding, transposing, augmenting, or diminishing the materials afforded us by the senses and real life experience†¦(Enquiry, Section II) In laymans terms, imagination of the human mind might be perceived as limitless. However, in  reality, it is really a combination of sensory information and real life experiences. To this end, Hume believes that there are no truly original ideas. Everything we can conceive is a copy or modification of material afforded to us by our surroundings. Examples of this can be found all around us. Such as the design of a plane matching the shape of a bird or Velcro behaving as burdock burrs. (Bloomberg) An interesting point Hume brings to our attention is the Blind Man Argument. Hume claims that a person born blind has no notions of what color is. If you grant that individual the ability to see, you present him with a new channel for ideas. Without this inlet, he would have no idea what color is. Therefore, color must come from the senses. (Enquiry, Section II) One might object to Humes copy principle by stating that original ideas are created quite frequently. A perfect example of this is the telephone. There was no object in the known universe that was able to transmit encoded sound waves through electrical wire over vast distances to a receiver before the telephone. This invention came into existence through pure innovation. The blind man argument presents an error. Just because a blind man cannot make an association between the word red and the color red doesnt mean that they have never seen it before. Perhaps the man has seen the color red countless times in his dreams. However, without having another individual identify the same color and help him form the association between the word and the color, the blind man will never know what red means. Countering my objection to The Copy Principle, all the natural resources we are afforded on earth  can be combined, transformed or restructured to create something else. Basically, everything we have created can be broken down to the raw materials found within our environment. This makes it impossible to create something truly new. The telephone is simply a combination of oil, copper, aluminum, silicone, ect. In defense of The Blind Man Argument, people born without the ability to see, claim they see nothing. They might understand how the color spectrum works but they will never be able to sense what the actual color looks like. For one to know the answer to this debate, he or she have the ability to see and be blind at the same time. Hume certainly brings up some interesting concepts. For this reason, scholars have been studying his ideas for centuries. Empiricism and rationalism are in constant disagreement. Both philosophical notions are extremely hard to disprove. Works Cited Hennighausen, Amelia, and Eric Roston. 14 Smart Inventions Inspired by Nature: Biomimicry: Nature as RD Lab. Bloomberg. com. Bloomberg, 19 Aug. 2013. Web. 20 Sept. 2013. Heter, T. Storm. Empiricism. First Philosophy: A Handbook for Beginning Philosophers. N. p. : n. p. , n. d. 15-21. Print. Hume, David. Section II: Of the Origin of Ideas. An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. N. p. : n. p. , 1784. N. pag. Print. Wikipedia contributors. David Hume. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 30 Aug. 2013. Web. 21 Sep. 2013. Wikipedia contributors. Empiricism. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Sep. 2013. Web. 21 Sep. 2013.

Wherefore The Maintenance Of Liberty :: essays research papers fc

The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure. -Thomas Jefferson On a cold, miserable day in the North Caucasus, the only one who does not look dismal is Russian General Mikhail Malofeyev. He is dead. His body is flag draped and on open display before a dark stand of pines. He is encircled by his mourning officers clad in hulking, camouflage coats. "Russia Admits Chechnya Losses Growing," says the news headline. Military body counts since the counting of them began bear little relationship between actual and reported casualties. Russians officially admit to 910 dead since the war restarted in October of 1999. The Russian Committee of Soldiers' Mothers, who gets its accounting from soldiers, their families, and military hospitals, thinks that 3,000 is a far more likely figure. Interestingly, NTV, which is a local Russian private investigating network and which reports on military news contradictions, has been kicked out of the military press reporting pool. This Chechan conflict is just another example of an ill equipped militia fighting one of the most powerful militaries in the world to a standstill. This is as it was with the Afghans who were even so primitive that they had to forge rifle barrels in their own backyard furnaces. The Afghani ultimately kicked the Soviet invaders out of their homeland. This was just like the Warsaw ghetto Jews, who kept the murderous Nazi's at bay for almost a month with only a handful of small arms before the Jew's valiant final defeat. History repeats with the citizen patriots of Lexington and Concord, who demonstrated with their blood the power and the purpose behind the Second Amendment to the Constitution of the then new United States of America. The Second Amendment confidently guarantees that We the People will ever remain free. Pro Second Amendment people always talk a good game. But what would happen should Americans ever needed to put this right to arms to the test. There are over 20,000 gun laws on the books. These "laws" include outright bans, registration, confiscation, waiting periods, quotas, and any other abhorrent violation that the ruling class imposes just to probe if Americans can be intimidated into servitude. For note, that test of submission happened a while back while the citizens slept. The citizens have already been graded, and by the criteria of their forefathers, they have failed miserably.

She Never Lies

The whole room goes silent. This is what I've been waiting for. See this is what its like at my school, to fit in you either act yourself and if that's good enough you're lucky, if not some serious sucking up is to be done. And that's what Joanne did. I, myself, I'm an outgoing, semi-confident girl and I care about how I look and appear towards others. Basically I just like to have fun. Now Joanne and I are in the same class and have a bit of a giggle now and then. We are essentially best friends. Well we used to be anyway. Right, I'll start from the beginning; Joanne was just a shy, self-conscious girl who underestimated herself but was perfect how she was because all her friends, including me, loved her very much. Then they came along. Basically they are the other people in our drama club. Most of them are older than we are and most of us have fun and fit in as we are, she would as well if she didn't think she had to change herself to be ‘accepted'. I'll explain to you what she does, especially around older guys. See when she's around guys she forgets that any of her girly friends exist and it's just like she thinks she doesn't need us around them, just because she likes being the centre of attention. To get the older girls to like her she sucks up to them as much as she can it's just unbelievable. We, her original friends, hate the new her, and just cannot stand it. Last week everyone in the drama club were getting all excited because we had been invited to a summer party in the holidays at a guys house. All us girls were planning what to wear and how we should do our hair, blah blah blah, stuff like that. Joanne on the other hand, couldn't care less about our little girly chats and goes off with the boys yet again, and just abandons us. Now it's starting to get out of hand. After a few days of being ignored I thought I would stand up to her and calmly explain what she's done. She denies it all, takes everything I say the wrong way and puts everything out of proportion and turns everything around so that it's all about her. Which it really isn't. I just wish that all her ‘new friends' knew what she was really like and what she says about them behind their backs. I want to tell them all, but they will never believe me. To them, she is innocent. Finally Joanne is not in school, probably ‘ill'. That means that me and my best best mate, Lucy, get to talk to our drama club in private at our last get together before the summer. Sorted. The only problems we could conjure up by doing this is: A – them believing us, and B – them ending up hating us for saying such things about Joanne in the first place. We took that risk and went for it. They didn't seem too hateful they understood our reasoning, and the fact we have known her for longer and we made a deal. They get her drunk at the party and get it all out of her, if not then we are in for complete humiliation. This will be interesting. The summer was great just my friends and I. Obviously that didn't include Joanne, she was way too busy ‘doing drama' or whatever excuse she could think of. We all knew she was with them. In the end, we just didn't bother calling her to meet up because we knew she would have other arrangements. A few days before the party some of the drama guys asked me, Lucy and some others if we wanted to meet up. They said that it was important plus they hadn't seen us in ages, but we soon realised that was just a white lie to get us to come out. So naturally we accepted and went to the park. It was fun hanging out with everyone again, Friday was looking better and better to me. After I got home from my fun and exhausting day, I find that I am ambushed by texts and calls from Joanne. She was having a go at me for going out with ‘her' friends without her. I just ignored her because I thought she was being a bit of a hypocrite to be honest, and by that time I'd had enough. The deal looked more promising by the minute. It's Friday, and I am so eager for tonight to begin. I manage to control myself and go out shopping for a new outfit with Lucy. Clearly that took us all day, so when I got home it was time to make myself gorgeous. It took me just over an hour to get ready, just in time to leave for the center of town to meet my best guy friend, Craig. Somehow we managed to get a lift from the head of drama club, so we were happy. In the car I was so excited it was unbelievable. Throughout the last few day I have been informing everyone of what happened after I met up with ‘Joanne's' friends, they know everything she said. I reckon it's all on for tonight. Ever since all this Joanne malarkey started, I've never been able to understand why she does it. Why she doesn't just be herself. Whether she's forgotten her old friends, or just forgotten how she used to be. It just doesn't make sense. By the time we arrived, Joanne was already there. Laughing, flirting and just being who she wasn't. I was surprised that she noticed I'd arrived, oh my mistake she hadn't. The only person she had noticed was Craig, I wanted to hit her so much. When the other girls arrived we decided to spike all her drinks until she blabs, so from then on her drinks weren't all innocent and clean, they had been spiked. Only with a little alcohol though. Halfway through the night she was completely wasted. This was our opportunity to show everyone what Joanne's like, and to have our laugh. One person can only do this stunt, and that person was Daniel. Daniel is the best looking guy in our drama club and absolutely every girl at some point in her life will fancy the pants off him, and for Joanne this was the point in her life. Daniel decided to go with the casual approach, and casually asked her what she thought of drama club and everyone at the party. The bomb had been set off. Once she started she couldn't stop. She thought the girls were bitchy and annoying, and obviously not as good looking as her. The boys were mainly fit but full of themselves and have massive egos. So basically, she doesn't like anyone there. Although she surprised me when she said the only people she did like were the girls in her year, i.e. my friends and I, and of course she liked Daniel. She explained that she only hung around with the older guys because she was just a tad bit desperate!! I couldn't wait until the next day. For the next few days I have to say Joanne was hated by nearly everyone. I felt quite bad about what me and Lucy did, telling everyone Joanne was evil. In some ways though I'm happy because she's started to go back to her old self when she didn't know the drama club, now everyone gets to be friends with the real her. Not that the older people want to be, that would be just me and the girls. After a month or so the drama club started to warm up to Joanne and her normal self. Future parties will never be able to live up to the drama from that party, it was proper immense. I suppose that's what drama is all about, isn't it?!

Understanding the Ramifications of Overfishing

Simply put, overfishing is when so many fish are caught that the population cant reproduce enough to replace them. Overfishing can lead to depletion of or extinction of fish populations. The depletion of top predators, like tuna, enable smaller marine species to overpopulate affecting the rest of the food chain.  Deep sea fish are thought to be more at risk than shallow water fish due to their slow metabolism and smaller rates of reproduction. Types of Overfishing There are three types of overfishing: Ecosystem overfishing happens when a predatory species, like tuna, has a sharp decline in population enabling smaller marine species to overpopulate.Recruitment overfishing occurs when a fish is harvested before it is old enough to reproduce.Growth overfishing is when a fish is harvested before it has reached its full size.   Overfishing in the Past Some of the earliest examples of overfishing occurred  in the 1800s when the whale population was decimated in order to produce high-demand products. Whale blubber was used to create candles, lamp oil and the whalebone was used in everyday items.   In the mid-1900s there was a sardine population collapse on the West Coast due to climate factors combined with overfishing. Fortunately, sardine stocks had rebounded by the 1990s.   Preventing Overfishing As fisheries have returned smaller yields each year governments around the world are looking into what can be done to prevent overfishing. Some of the methods include expanding the use of aquaculture, more effective enforcement of laws governing catches, and improved fisheries management.   In the U.S., Congress passed The Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 which defines overfishing as a rate or level of fishing mortality that jeopardizes a fisherys capacity to produce maximum sustainable yield (MSY) on a continuing basis.

The Heroic Values Of Beowulf - 986 Words

Heroes make themselves known. They share characteristics such as, courage and selflessness that have always been valued. Overtime society has changed the way these values are portrayed. In Beowulf, the main character in the anonymously written poem Beowulf, he shows the importance of being courageous and selfless. Beowulf is courageous enough to fight Grendel, the monster that terrorized the Danes. Beowulf is also selfless because he is willing to sacrifice his life in order to stop Grendel from attacking anymore innocent people. Values like courage and selflessness are defined differently today. Courage is stepping out of one s comfort zone and taking action on achieving personal goals. Being courageous today is going against society s norm or trends. Being selfless means putting others before yourself. It means devoting help even if there is no reward, unlike Beowulf who acted selfless but expected to be praised. Today many people value selflessness and has become more of a moral c haracteristic. There are differences in the way heroic values are portrayed in Beowulf and the way society interprets values today. Beowulf is eager to gain a glorified reputation and is constantly challenged to be courageous.Beowulf was not asked to fight Grendel, but still arrives to Herot to aid the Danes from the evil Grendel. Beowulf is welcomed by the Danes and immediately lists his accomplishments and boasts, They have seen me boltered in the blood of enemies when IShow MoreRelatedHeroic Values In Beowulf731 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf, written by an unknown Anglo-Saxon poet, displays heroic and demonic behaviors. Taking place in the Anglo-Saxon era between 449-1066 A.D. Within this era, three civilizations arose; The Anglos, The Saxons, and The Jutes. Anglo-Saxon Invaders took control over most of England, becoming the earliest civilizations to settle on England. The Anglo-Saxons relished and honored four main values; courage, strength, glory, and loyalty. Beowulf, an epic poem, denotes the important Anglo-Saxon valuesRead MoreBeowulf And The Germanic Heroic Code Of Values, Traditions, And Customs15 22 Words   |  7 Pagesset of values, beliefs, and customs. These values, beliefs and customs create each unique culture, and these cultural constructions are directly and indirectly acquired throughout the lifetime of the culture. A major part of culture is literature; the literature of the time reflects upon daily life and society during the time that the story was composed. Beowulf, an epic poem, is one of the most important and only works of Anglo-Saxon literature. Much like a fable, the epic poem of Beowulf had lessonsRead MoreAnalysis Of Beowulf As A Heroic Epic779 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most popular hero stories that bled into Anglo-Saxon life was the heroic epic of Beowulf. Beowulf was the perfect example of an Anglo-Saxon hero as he was courageous, strong, and determined. Due to its wondrous tales of Beowulf’s intrepid adventures, Beowulf is a heroic epic. To clarify, a heroic epic is a type of epic whose main purpose is to tell the story of a hero’s life. Heroic epics promote all of the heroic deeds that they have done and it depicts what it takes to be a true hero. TheyRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare932 Words   |  4 Pageswarrior, but still have the values of being kind and modest. Before Beowulf arrived to Herot he was known for his heroism, which was shown again and again during the fight with Grendel, the fight with Grendel’s mother, and his final battle with the dragon. While his heroism was shown at each of these events, there were changes in his heroic nature over time. Regardless of these changes, he was still seen as the mighty hero throughout the epic poem of Beowulf. As Beowulf was making his voyage to HerotRead MoreRole Of Value System In Beowulf1038 Words   |  5 Pagesstatus of a person by a value system. Although, the value system of the Anglo-Saxons in the Middle Ages is quite different than the value systems of today. The value systems, most people know, determine status by how much money or how accomplished an individual is. This is similar to the value system explained in the epic poem, but there are just a few differences. The value system is determined mostly by the heroic code, in which the main character in the epic poem, Beowulf, shows many of those characteristicsRead MoreTheme Of Death In Beowulf1097 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf is an anglo-saxon epic that details the life of Geat warrior Beowulf and his dealings with 3 monsters. The society surrounding this epic is one that values lineage, glory, and success. Although these values are perceived as positive, they are often the root causes of the more malicious aspects of this s ociety: blood-feud and tribal war. It should be duly noted that the poem is bookended with two very meaningful deaths. At the beginning of the poem the death of Scyld Sheafson, founder of theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Beowulf 851 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay offers literary analysis of Beowulf, the oldest epic poem that has survived in English literature. It is also widely known as the earliest surviving piece of literatures in vernacular European Literature. The language of this poem is Old English, spoken by Saxon people. This poem depicts a traditional story that is a part of oral Germanic tradition. As per experts, this is work of a single poet and was composed in then England. It has been determined by the scholars that this poem wasRead MoreRole Of Value System In Beowulf1047 Words   |  5 Pagesstatus of a person by a value system. Although, the value system of the Anglo-Saxons in the Middle Ages is quite different than the value systems of today. The value systems, most people know, determine status by how much money or how accomplished an individual is. This is similar to the value system explained in the epic poem, but there are just a few differences. The value system is determined mostly by the heroic code, in which the main character in the epic poem, Beowulf, shows numerous characteristicsRead MoreBeowulf vs. Gilgamesh1212 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf Vs. Gilgamesh The two cultures I chose to compare heroic values for are the ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Anglo-Saxon cultures. The texts I used in the comparison are Gilgamesh for Mesopotamia and Beowulf for Anglo-Saxon. Although they posses many similar heroic characteristics they also differ greatly. Beowulf is the earliest surviving epic poem written in a modern European language. It was written in Old English sometime before the tenth century A.D. The poem describes the adventuresRead MoreBeowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight897 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Middle Ages, two poems, Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight embody heroic figures. Beowulf, who demonstrates all the characteristics of an ideal hero, is faced with physical and moral challenges that no other man could face during his existence. Beowulf was not only looking to become a hero, he wanted to reveal the importance of establishing identity. However, Beowulf was not the only hero during this time period. Sir Gawain also participates in challenges that define his character

Social Consequences During The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transmission process of manufacturing, this took place in the 1700s and the 1800s. Before this time, manufacturing was done in a small level, usually done in people’s homes, using the truest and basic forms of machinery. But in the Industrialization age, there was a shift to powerful, multi-purpose machines, and big factories. This Industrial age brought forward thousands of jobs for the men, women, and children. The Industrial Revolution did bring a surplus and diversity of manufactured goods and improved the living in some of the middle class and the wealth, but it also resulted in the atrocious living and working conditions for the poor and working class. During the Industrial Revolution, the population in England doubled, between 1800s to the 1850s. this increase of population shocked people in during that time. This increase of population was one of the main reasons for social consequences during the industrial revolution. For the first time in human history most people lived in urban centers. This change altered the social relations that maintained in villages and small towns. In the growing cities during the industrial revolution, the people had a greater sense of freedom, but also grew a sense of alienation. Many of the people growing in these cities were poor former peasants, they lived in horrible conditions; unsanitary, crime-infested, overpopulated, and alcohol soaked urban slums. These social consequences conditions wereShow MoreRelatedGke1 Task 4a1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe First Industrial Revolution occurred from 1780-1850 and changed the way people lived and worked worldwide. New technologies and manufacturing processes were changing lives across the globe. These synergistic advances led to more developments and social consequences began to arise. The way people worked was changing as well as the way they would live. Urbanization was one significant social consequence that was caused by the First Industrial Revolution. Urbanization is the growth of a city, andRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Europe945 Words   |  4 Pageshistory will reveal a constant theme of revolutions and counterrevolutions across space and time that have shaped the very foundations of societies across the expanse of the continent. Furthermore, these revolutions occurred in many different spheres of daily life. For instance, some revolutions featured prolonged periods of violent political upheaval while others featured a more subtle revolution, changing the very social fabric of Europe. In addition, some revolutions centered on economic change whileRead MorePlan 700 Planning Paradigms And Theory1711 Words   |  7 PagesCities Before Planning: Development, Consequences and Challenges To understand the ancient and pre-industrial cities, learn from urban history, and explore the conditions that led to the appearance of formal planning, different approaches to ancient urban planning have been researched by previous studies. Based on ancient urban planning literature, this paper summarizes the development of ancient cities before the Industrial Revolution, explores the consequences and challenges of the absence of formalRead More Modern Political Thoery and Liberalism Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pagestime showing how these liberal movements have been the basis for major changes in countries and that liberalism, in my opinion, has not been alienated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The French Revolution marks the beginning of liberalism where the community lashed out against French society. This is where status was legally stratified by birth. In consequence, French citizens persistently negotiated with one another and with the crown for better and more human rights. This is the marking of citizens wanting â€Å"natural rights†Read MoreThe Industrial Revolution943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution, a Revolution that began in Britain in the nineteenth century, saw people move from working in the farming industry to working in factories. This transition from an agrarian society meant that many people moved to cities in search of jobs. New methods of manufacturing allowed goods to be produced far more cheaply and quickly than before. However, the Revolution came with its own negative consequences. The lives of children during the Industrial Revolution were torturousRead MoreThe Era Of Industrial Revolution1474 Words   |à ‚  6 Pagesis the era of Industrial Revolution. The period of the Industrial revolution began in the early 1700s and ended in the late 1800s. During the century, the Industrial revolution engendered both positive and negative changes to the human society. Some of the cons include the rapid increase in human population, as at the beginning of Industrial revolution, population grew by 57 percent. In addition, growth of factories and industries ensued pollution and brought new division among social classes. SomeRead MoreIndustrialization Of The Industrial Revolution1214 Words   |  5 Pagesthe emergence of the ‘Industrial Revolution’, the great age of steam, canals and factories that changed the face of the British economy forever.† (White, M, The Industrial Revolution). The industrial revolution sparked the development of capitalist economies and as a consequence a division of labour was formed. Therefore the capitalist system is seen as a natural consequence of th e industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was a period in which societies became industrial due to there being anRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Introduction to the Revolution The Industrial revolution was a time of drastic change marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery. This change generally helped life, but it had its disadvantages as well. Pollution, such as Carbon Dioxide levels in the atmosphere rose, working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music, architecture and mans way of looking at life allRead MoreAdvantages of Industrial Revolution Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Prior to researching, I had a strong belief that the Industrial Revolution was a â€Å"dark† time period where children and poor workers would gather in a disease-ridden factory where they would work for several hours a day for little pay. Workers would cough harshly as the intense smoke filled the air. Every day, children would die from exhaustion just to fill the wallets of factory owners. But further research has convinced me that the Industrial Revolution was a benefit toRead MoreSocial And Economic Impacts Of Industrial Revolution893 Words   |  4 PagesSocial and Economic Impacts of Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in the 1760’s. Britain became the first country to see its effects. Britain was the best for the revolution because of their high religious tolerance, the Scientific Revolution was underway, and Britain’s government encouraged inner growth by making foreign goods more expensive. During this time period, Britain’s population grew, wealth increased, and the citizens became interested in the fate of Britain. Writings

Ethics in the Organization

Question: Discuss about theEthics in the Organization. Answer: Introduction The ethics in organization refers to a way of working in the organization ethically. In other words, it refers to working in the enterprises by considering social norms and corporate culture that is by behaving ethically and use of ethical practices. Disdain the several theories on ethics that have been created still there is no surety about what is really going and whether it is right or not. This work reviews the literature to enquire about the involvement of ethical decision-making in organization by examining and discussing significant issues. This understanding tries to cover the gap between organizational ethical decision-making and individuals by building a framework. This framework includes three groups of changes that keep varying that are moral strength, internal factors and external factors. The ethical decision-making varies between the organization as some organization did not know what ethically is correct or not. Ethical problems originate from the conflict between ethical norms and individual values. The individuals that play an important part varies with their level that is the top level of stakeholders, top executives, middle level, which includes managers and last level is bottom level which includes supervisors and labor. The ethical practices provide the social symbol and helps increase in ranking of organizations. Ethics and Organizational Ethics: Concept Ethics refers to the feature that gathers what is actually justified or righteous for the society as a whole. This differentiates by separating good thing from bad by testing it socially. These are the choices, which an individual make to improve its quality or quantity which ever required. The ethical sense of right or wrong comes from action when tested socially (Business Case Studies LLP, 2016). The organization and ethics play a role together equally, which makes ethics unavoidable part of an organization. As with time, it is seen that any unethical mistake leads to company huge losses in only in values but in the goodwill too. Some features of organizations, which constitute that the company is ethical are: Charity and not for profit organizations, Fair trade, Non- government organizations, Corporate with strong corporate social responsibility Society expectations and legal professional bodies encouraged the more use of Social responsibilities and ethical practices for the organization. In 1997, as per the Financial Times survey of the Europe identified that ethical practices are the main reason of drop in ranking of Shells Company. With this same conclusion as Shell, several Companies whose business practices and products declared as unethical and against the society, for an example tobacco, cigarette, and received huge setback. Ethical problems are those problems that are against the society, not taken on an individual basis (Wong, 2006). The problems that include individual interest and stake are at the organizational level. Therefore, ethical problems are free from any hatred from particular consumers. If there will be problem its between the conflict of interest and social norms. Organizations require accountable and responsible managers who possess the ethical decision-making which not only give the company a good r eturn but a good growth too. The ranking of a company is calculated by measuring organizational performance by different measures with a certain percentage that are: 10% for Governance, 20% for Reputation, Leadership and Innovation, 20% for Culture of Ethics, 25% for Corporate Citizenship and Responsibility, 25% for Ethics and compliance program. Above are the measures that contribute to the ranking of the company in which ethics and compliance program contributes 25% in the ranking, which counted as 1/4th of the final rank (Herald, 2010). This shows that how much ethics is important for the organization. Framework of Ethics The framework of ethical decision-making includes moral strength, internal factors and external factors. These are those factors, which keep varying with the time and requirements. There are different factors that affect to- Moral Strength are : Level of consequences, Immediacy Probability effect Social harmony Internal factors are: Individual values Individual differences Moral Awareness Geographic variables External factors are: Performance Management System Level of accountability After including above all three factors collectively, it generates an organization outcome, which affects ethical decision-making and behavior of the organization. The moral strength refers to moral behavior and understanding of the situations and how it is taken. It includes the level of consequence means how far thing can go or what is the acceptable point, Immediacy means how much urgent required, probability effect refers to the probability of occurrence of situation and social harmony refers to accord with the society. Internal factors refer to the factors which is played inside the organization that are individual values and the difference depends on their understanding level, moral awareness refers to how much morally they active towards society and organization, geographical variable refers to variability of different areas which comes under organization (May, 2006). The external factors refer to those factors that are outside the organization that are performance management system means how performance is measured outside. The most important is the level of accountability in which author Beu and Buckley in 2001 referred accountability can be a play as an important factor contributing to ethical decision-making and behavior with an organization. The level of accountability and responsibility found to be highly strong in relationships that built socially, whereas these relationships based on understanding, affinity and cooperation. Methodology The research of ethics in reference to an organization is not a easy process; as there are different subjective theories already exist. The most important of them is validity and filtering of data described by the researchers biasness. This can overthrow by collection and interpretation of information from various informants. This analysis served in validating and filling the plans or schemes proposed. Implied Practices of Westpac Banking Corporation The Westpac was one of the mainly recognized organizations which stand out as ethically decision-making and behaved once in survey of 2010. It is the only company, which survived in US financial system bailout. Except Westpac, no other company of Australia can make out again in the list of world most ethical businesses (Westpac Banking Corporation, 2007). The ethical practices adopted by Westpac are reasons for making it renowned organization that is: Their principle for doing business and code of conduct is with honesty and integrity, act collectively, manage conflict of interest responsibility, respect for confidentiality and not allowed to misuse information and respect law and act accordingly. Separate code of ethics for senior finance officers and accounting practice and reporting on financial information in accordance with requirements of SOX. Internal policies and procedures, which take the requirements of the human resource team by giving proper training (Team, 2014). Their concern for reporting and whistle blowing by mentioning them about their reporting areas that is in attention of management, human resources team. Their policy for not allowing directors and employees in dealing with company shares and insider trading. Above are the ethical practices that govern the Westpac banking corporation. With this, Westpac mentioned their codes of conduct of working are same as their principle of doing business. These principles not only give new heights to the corporation, but also set the standards of treating a customer for every employee of the organization. As per the Oxfam Australia, who accused the four main banking companies that include Westpac Banking Corporation for backing companies who is doing business in an unethical manner. After this review, Westpac has strongly replied of leaving customers or stopping their business with them who comes under unethical company. This structure again gives recognition to Westpac in World Most Ethical(WME) companies list which is the sixth year in a row. Findings The understanding advises managers have to concentrate on problemewcfs, which related to leadership, structure and code of conduct of the organization while going for ethical practices. The leadership at various parts of the organization will have to create a strong understanding of ethics by giving benefits and punishment and communication. The decision to act ethically should be moral, employees should think which action is the right. Any route that gives the company short-term profit unethically should be, avoided. Ethical behavior and corporate social responsibility can bring important change into business by: Attracting customers for organization products, thereby boosting sales Reducing labor absenteeism and encourage employees for work. Attract the investors and which can keep the share prices high However, above are the benefits that ethics can provide in the organization. Ethics can be applied in every department of the organization with the help of the manager and its management. The manager takes the control of positions of authority those have to conduct ethically. It also monitors the employees behavior towards his contribution with the desire of the organization. If there is any default in complying manger can take corrective action. This led managers to act with the functions of management that are by planning, which is done by the top level management who set the vision and mission where work is needed under their sight and at other areas where the principles are enough to govern, organizing creates a stage for reaching goals and objectives decided in planning (Schwarten, 2014). At this stage, resources given with distribution of responsibilities that can achieve the decided goal. After planning and organizing, its leading, which is the most important of these stages as in early stages, that is planning and organize are to be implemented. The fourth stage is controlling, which decides the outcome of this process or functioning of management. This stage charged with the role of management as well various factors that are internal or external for instance technology, diversity and structure. The most important of them is Diversity, which constitutes an organization that is a geographical location, human culture, goods and services. These factors highly affect the diversity of organization by giving pressure to management of making rules and regulations ethically. Furthermore, socialization is required among the managers for developing ethical practices by giving them voluntary adoption, which gives them a better application of ethical practices. Instruction regarding ethical practices should circulate among the stakeholders from the top most managers to low-level manager so that it can be applicable on every stage. There should value chain through which values give positive decisions. The ethics relate to two different terms that is corporate social responsibility and corporate governance. These terms heavily contribute in the ethical culture of an organization (Probono Australia, 2013). Corporate Social Responsibility The term corporate social responsibility refer to the term which originates from the ethically way of doing business. It made up from political and social causes that fixed organization fix percentage of earnings. Organizations have informed to take stand for the ways their operation influences society and its environment. They asked to apply supporting ways in which they conduct their business. Supporting meant for the organizational activities, which is considered as a voluntary part that concentrate with social and environmental concerns in business working and with the stakeholders (DAmato, et al., 2009). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) boosts the growth of the company by an increase in goodwill. Organizations face challenges and difficulties on implementation of CSR. These usually relate to issues either political or organizational and often attached to culture. The difficulty of working globally society gives either new demands or organization and its leadership. In the new era of CSR, there is need to be watch on the stakeholders, consumers, employees as well as NGO and activist groups have to be satisfied. A well-handled corporate social responsibility is in the favor of all stakeholders to not only consumers, but also shareholders, employees, suppliers and other business partners work together with the organization (HandUp Australia, 2013). A Corporate social responsibility is done by thinking of society diversification globally. It not only generates ethical behavior, but also provides team cooperation, collaborative teams and strategic alliance. Ethics and Corporate Governance Ethics and Corporate governance play an equal role in making the organization ethically and behaved and decision-making. Corporate governance is wider term that includes the rules relationship, policies and system where authority maintained in the organization. Corporate governance is mainly governed at the board of director level that influences the organization environment. Ethics is a narrow term as compared to corporate governance as it depends on the overall performance of the company whereas ethics depend on the society norms which are not clearly prescribed. Corporate governance with ethical behavior and decision-making gives a good contribution to the growth of the company by increasing goodwill. Corporate governance and ethics become more difficult when any indirect implications of practices that may affect the society in a negative way and make company unethical. Managers are the main key decision makers, which makes them accountable to stakeholders, shareholders, consumers and society. As per the Economist Milton Friedman, the only entities that can have responsibilities are individual and it noticed that only people are at charge can act ethically. Hence, the most difficult decisions in corporate governance are with those who are at the ethical level, as they have to consider consequence in various fronts that is personal, corporate and societal (Kelly, 2011). Systematically, an organization requires incorporating ethics with the existing activities of the managers at different levels. Those who linked with making of ethical practices are to be given protection from the risks of developing an alternate mechanism for ethical issues. Conclusion These findings are not though conclusive, it just highlights several issues. There is confusion what is ethics. At the time of ethical problem, there is always an issue of ethically right and self- interest. The decision made by keeping the ethical prospect in mind. It is also believed that business and ethics should work together for making an effective decision. Bibliography Business Case Studies LLP, 2016. The importance of ethics in business. 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