The Heroic Values Of Beowulf - 986 Words

Heroes make themselves known. They share characteristics such as, courage and selflessness that have always been valued. Overtime society has changed the way these values are portrayed. In Beowulf, the main character in the anonymously written poem Beowulf, he shows the importance of being courageous and selfless. Beowulf is courageous enough to fight Grendel, the monster that terrorized the Danes. Beowulf is also selfless because he is willing to sacrifice his life in order to stop Grendel from attacking anymore innocent people. Values like courage and selflessness are defined differently today. Courage is stepping out of one s comfort zone and taking action on achieving personal goals. Being courageous today is going against society s norm or trends. Being selfless means putting others before yourself. It means devoting help even if there is no reward, unlike Beowulf who acted selfless but expected to be praised. Today many people value selflessness and has become more of a moral c haracteristic. There are differences in the way heroic values are portrayed in Beowulf and the way society interprets values today. Beowulf is eager to gain a glorified reputation and is constantly challenged to be courageous.Beowulf was not asked to fight Grendel, but still arrives to Herot to aid the Danes from the evil Grendel. Beowulf is welcomed by the Danes and immediately lists his accomplishments and boasts, They have seen me boltered in the blood of enemies when IShow MoreRelatedHeroic Values In Beowulf731 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf, written by an unknown Anglo-Saxon poet, displays heroic and demonic behaviors. Taking place in the Anglo-Saxon era between 449-1066 A.D. Within this era, three civilizations arose; The Anglos, The Saxons, and The Jutes. Anglo-Saxon Invaders took control over most of England, becoming the earliest civilizations to settle on England. The Anglo-Saxons relished and honored four main values; courage, strength, glory, and loyalty. Beowulf, an epic poem, denotes the important Anglo-Saxon valuesRead MoreBeowulf And The Germanic Heroic Code Of Values, Traditions, And Customs15 22 Words   |  7 Pagesset of values, beliefs, and customs. These values, beliefs and customs create each unique culture, and these cultural constructions are directly and indirectly acquired throughout the lifetime of the culture. A major part of culture is literature; the literature of the time reflects upon daily life and society during the time that the story was composed. Beowulf, an epic poem, is one of the most important and only works of Anglo-Saxon literature. Much like a fable, the epic poem of Beowulf had lessonsRead MoreAnalysis Of Beowulf As A Heroic Epic779 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most popular hero stories that bled into Anglo-Saxon life was the heroic epic of Beowulf. Beowulf was the perfect example of an Anglo-Saxon hero as he was courageous, strong, and determined. Due to its wondrous tales of Beowulf’s intrepid adventures, Beowulf is a heroic epic. To clarify, a heroic epic is a type of epic whose main purpose is to tell the story of a hero’s life. Heroic epics promote all of the heroic deeds that they have done and it depicts what it takes to be a true hero. TheyRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare932 Words   |  4 Pageswarrior, but still have the values of being kind and modest. Before Beowulf arrived to Herot he was known for his heroism, which was shown again and again during the fight with Grendel, the fight with Grendel’s mother, and his final battle with the dragon. While his heroism was shown at each of these events, there were changes in his heroic nature over time. Regardless of these changes, he was still seen as the mighty hero throughout the epic poem of Beowulf. As Beowulf was making his voyage to HerotRead MoreRole Of Value System In Beowulf1038 Words   |  5 Pagesstatus of a person by a value system. Although, the value system of the Anglo-Saxons in the Middle Ages is quite different than the value systems of today. The value systems, most people know, determine status by how much money or how accomplished an individual is. This is similar to the value system explained in the epic poem, but there are just a few differences. The value system is determined mostly by the heroic code, in which the main character in the epic poem, Beowulf, shows many of those characteristicsRead MoreTheme Of Death In Beowulf1097 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf is an anglo-saxon epic that details the life of Geat warrior Beowulf and his dealings with 3 monsters. The society surrounding this epic is one that values lineage, glory, and success. Although these values are perceived as positive, they are often the root causes of the more malicious aspects of this s ociety: blood-feud and tribal war. It should be duly noted that the poem is bookended with two very meaningful deaths. At the beginning of the poem the death of Scyld Sheafson, founder of theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Beowulf 851 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay offers literary analysis of Beowulf, the oldest epic poem that has survived in English literature. It is also widely known as the earliest surviving piece of literatures in vernacular European Literature. The language of this poem is Old English, spoken by Saxon people. This poem depicts a traditional story that is a part of oral Germanic tradition. As per experts, this is work of a single poet and was composed in then England. It has been determined by the scholars that this poem wasRead MoreRole Of Value System In Beowulf1047 Words   |  5 Pagesstatus of a person by a value system. Although, the value system of the Anglo-Saxons in the Middle Ages is quite different than the value systems of today. The value systems, most people know, determine status by how much money or how accomplished an individual is. This is similar to the value system explained in the epic poem, but there are just a few differences. The value system is determined mostly by the heroic code, in which the main character in the epic poem, Beowulf, shows numerous characteristicsRead MoreBeowulf vs. Gilgamesh1212 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf Vs. Gilgamesh The two cultures I chose to compare heroic values for are the ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Anglo-Saxon cultures. The texts I used in the comparison are Gilgamesh for Mesopotamia and Beowulf for Anglo-Saxon. Although they posses many similar heroic characteristics they also differ greatly. Beowulf is the earliest surviving epic poem written in a modern European language. It was written in Old English sometime before the tenth century A.D. The poem describes the adventuresRead MoreBeowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight897 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Middle Ages, two poems, Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight embody heroic figures. Beowulf, who demonstrates all the characteristics of an ideal hero, is faced with physical and moral challenges that no other man could face during his existence. Beowulf was not only looking to become a hero, he wanted to reveal the importance of establishing identity. However, Beowulf was not the only hero during this time period. Sir Gawain also participates in challenges that define his character

Social Consequences During The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transmission process of manufacturing, this took place in the 1700s and the 1800s. Before this time, manufacturing was done in a small level, usually done in people’s homes, using the truest and basic forms of machinery. But in the Industrialization age, there was a shift to powerful, multi-purpose machines, and big factories. This Industrial age brought forward thousands of jobs for the men, women, and children. The Industrial Revolution did bring a surplus and diversity of manufactured goods and improved the living in some of the middle class and the wealth, but it also resulted in the atrocious living and working conditions for the poor and working class. During the Industrial Revolution, the population in England doubled, between 1800s to the 1850s. this increase of population shocked people in during that time. This increase of population was one of the main reasons for social consequences during the industrial revolution. For the first time in human history most people lived in urban centers. This change altered the social relations that maintained in villages and small towns. In the growing cities during the industrial revolution, the people had a greater sense of freedom, but also grew a sense of alienation. Many of the people growing in these cities were poor former peasants, they lived in horrible conditions; unsanitary, crime-infested, overpopulated, and alcohol soaked urban slums. These social consequences conditions wereShow MoreRelatedGke1 Task 4a1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe First Industrial Revolution occurred from 1780-1850 and changed the way people lived and worked worldwide. New technologies and manufacturing processes were changing lives across the globe. These synergistic advances led to more developments and social consequences began to arise. The way people worked was changing as well as the way they would live. Urbanization was one significant social consequence that was caused by the First Industrial Revolution. Urbanization is the growth of a city, andRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Europe945 Words   |  4 Pageshistory will reveal a constant theme of revolutions and counterrevolutions across space and time that have shaped the very foundations of societies across the expanse of the continent. Furthermore, these revolutions occurred in many different spheres of daily life. For instance, some revolutions featured prolonged periods of violent political upheaval while others featured a more subtle revolution, changing the very social fabric of Europe. In addition, some revolutions centered on economic change whileRead MorePlan 700 Planning Paradigms And Theory1711 Words   |  7 PagesCities Before Planning: Development, Consequences and Challenges To understand the ancient and pre-industrial cities, learn from urban history, and explore the conditions that led to the appearance of formal planning, different approaches to ancient urban planning have been researched by previous studies. Based on ancient urban planning literature, this paper summarizes the development of ancient cities before the Industrial Revolution, explores the consequences and challenges of the absence of formalRead More Modern Political Thoery and Liberalism Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pagestime showing how these liberal movements have been the basis for major changes in countries and that liberalism, in my opinion, has not been alienated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The French Revolution marks the beginning of liberalism where the community lashed out against French society. This is where status was legally stratified by birth. In consequence, French citizens persistently negotiated with one another and with the crown for better and more human rights. This is the marking of citizens wanting â€Å"natural rights†Read MoreThe Industrial Revolution943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution, a Revolution that began in Britain in the nineteenth century, saw people move from working in the farming industry to working in factories. This transition from an agrarian society meant that many people moved to cities in search of jobs. New methods of manufacturing allowed goods to be produced far more cheaply and quickly than before. However, the Revolution came with its own negative consequences. The lives of children during the Industrial Revolution were torturousRead MoreThe Era Of Industrial Revolution1474 Words   |à ‚  6 Pagesis the era of Industrial Revolution. The period of the Industrial revolution began in the early 1700s and ended in the late 1800s. During the century, the Industrial revolution engendered both positive and negative changes to the human society. Some of the cons include the rapid increase in human population, as at the beginning of Industrial revolution, population grew by 57 percent. In addition, growth of factories and industries ensued pollution and brought new division among social classes. SomeRead MoreIndustrialization Of The Industrial Revolution1214 Words   |  5 Pagesthe emergence of the ‘Industrial Revolution’, the great age of steam, canals and factories that changed the face of the British economy forever.† (White, M, The Industrial Revolution). The industrial revolution sparked the development of capitalist economies and as a consequence a division of labour was formed. Therefore the capitalist system is seen as a natural consequence of th e industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was a period in which societies became industrial due to there being anRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Introduction to the Revolution The Industrial revolution was a time of drastic change marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery. This change generally helped life, but it had its disadvantages as well. Pollution, such as Carbon Dioxide levels in the atmosphere rose, working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music, architecture and mans way of looking at life allRead MoreAdvantages of Industrial Revolution Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Prior to researching, I had a strong belief that the Industrial Revolution was a â€Å"dark† time period where children and poor workers would gather in a disease-ridden factory where they would work for several hours a day for little pay. Workers would cough harshly as the intense smoke filled the air. Every day, children would die from exhaustion just to fill the wallets of factory owners. But further research has convinced me that the Industrial Revolution was a benefit toRead MoreSocial And Economic Impacts Of Industrial Revolution893 Words   |  4 PagesSocial and Economic Impacts of Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in the 1760’s. Britain became the first country to see its effects. Britain was the best for the revolution because of their high religious tolerance, the Scientific Revolution was underway, and Britain’s government encouraged inner growth by making foreign goods more expensive. During this time period, Britain’s population grew, wealth increased, and the citizens became interested in the fate of Britain. Writings

Ethics in the Organization

Question: Discuss about theEthics in the Organization. Answer: Introduction The ethics in organization refers to a way of working in the organization ethically. In other words, it refers to working in the enterprises by considering social norms and corporate culture that is by behaving ethically and use of ethical practices. Disdain the several theories on ethics that have been created still there is no surety about what is really going and whether it is right or not. This work reviews the literature to enquire about the involvement of ethical decision-making in organization by examining and discussing significant issues. This understanding tries to cover the gap between organizational ethical decision-making and individuals by building a framework. This framework includes three groups of changes that keep varying that are moral strength, internal factors and external factors. The ethical decision-making varies between the organization as some organization did not know what ethically is correct or not. Ethical problems originate from the conflict between ethical norms and individual values. The individuals that play an important part varies with their level that is the top level of stakeholders, top executives, middle level, which includes managers and last level is bottom level which includes supervisors and labor. The ethical practices provide the social symbol and helps increase in ranking of organizations. Ethics and Organizational Ethics: Concept Ethics refers to the feature that gathers what is actually justified or righteous for the society as a whole. This differentiates by separating good thing from bad by testing it socially. These are the choices, which an individual make to improve its quality or quantity which ever required. The ethical sense of right or wrong comes from action when tested socially (Business Case Studies LLP, 2016). The organization and ethics play a role together equally, which makes ethics unavoidable part of an organization. As with time, it is seen that any unethical mistake leads to company huge losses in only in values but in the goodwill too. Some features of organizations, which constitute that the company is ethical are: Charity and not for profit organizations, Fair trade, Non- government organizations, Corporate with strong corporate social responsibility Society expectations and legal professional bodies encouraged the more use of Social responsibilities and ethical practices for the organization. In 1997, as per the Financial Times survey of the Europe identified that ethical practices are the main reason of drop in ranking of Shells Company. With this same conclusion as Shell, several Companies whose business practices and products declared as unethical and against the society, for an example tobacco, cigarette, and received huge setback. Ethical problems are those problems that are against the society, not taken on an individual basis (Wong, 2006). The problems that include individual interest and stake are at the organizational level. Therefore, ethical problems are free from any hatred from particular consumers. If there will be problem its between the conflict of interest and social norms. Organizations require accountable and responsible managers who possess the ethical decision-making which not only give the company a good r eturn but a good growth too. The ranking of a company is calculated by measuring organizational performance by different measures with a certain percentage that are: 10% for Governance, 20% for Reputation, Leadership and Innovation, 20% for Culture of Ethics, 25% for Corporate Citizenship and Responsibility, 25% for Ethics and compliance program. Above are the measures that contribute to the ranking of the company in which ethics and compliance program contributes 25% in the ranking, which counted as 1/4th of the final rank (Herald, 2010). This shows that how much ethics is important for the organization. Framework of Ethics The framework of ethical decision-making includes moral strength, internal factors and external factors. These are those factors, which keep varying with the time and requirements. There are different factors that affect to- Moral Strength are : Level of consequences, Immediacy Probability effect Social harmony Internal factors are: Individual values Individual differences Moral Awareness Geographic variables External factors are: Performance Management System Level of accountability After including above all three factors collectively, it generates an organization outcome, which affects ethical decision-making and behavior of the organization. The moral strength refers to moral behavior and understanding of the situations and how it is taken. It includes the level of consequence means how far thing can go or what is the acceptable point, Immediacy means how much urgent required, probability effect refers to the probability of occurrence of situation and social harmony refers to accord with the society. Internal factors refer to the factors which is played inside the organization that are individual values and the difference depends on their understanding level, moral awareness refers to how much morally they active towards society and organization, geographical variable refers to variability of different areas which comes under organization (May, 2006). The external factors refer to those factors that are outside the organization that are performance management system means how performance is measured outside. The most important is the level of accountability in which author Beu and Buckley in 2001 referred accountability can be a play as an important factor contributing to ethical decision-making and behavior with an organization. The level of accountability and responsibility found to be highly strong in relationships that built socially, whereas these relationships based on understanding, affinity and cooperation. Methodology The research of ethics in reference to an organization is not a easy process; as there are different subjective theories already exist. The most important of them is validity and filtering of data described by the researchers biasness. This can overthrow by collection and interpretation of information from various informants. This analysis served in validating and filling the plans or schemes proposed. Implied Practices of Westpac Banking Corporation The Westpac was one of the mainly recognized organizations which stand out as ethically decision-making and behaved once in survey of 2010. It is the only company, which survived in US financial system bailout. Except Westpac, no other company of Australia can make out again in the list of world most ethical businesses (Westpac Banking Corporation, 2007). The ethical practices adopted by Westpac are reasons for making it renowned organization that is: Their principle for doing business and code of conduct is with honesty and integrity, act collectively, manage conflict of interest responsibility, respect for confidentiality and not allowed to misuse information and respect law and act accordingly. Separate code of ethics for senior finance officers and accounting practice and reporting on financial information in accordance with requirements of SOX. Internal policies and procedures, which take the requirements of the human resource team by giving proper training (Team, 2014). Their concern for reporting and whistle blowing by mentioning them about their reporting areas that is in attention of management, human resources team. Their policy for not allowing directors and employees in dealing with company shares and insider trading. Above are the ethical practices that govern the Westpac banking corporation. With this, Westpac mentioned their codes of conduct of working are same as their principle of doing business. These principles not only give new heights to the corporation, but also set the standards of treating a customer for every employee of the organization. As per the Oxfam Australia, who accused the four main banking companies that include Westpac Banking Corporation for backing companies who is doing business in an unethical manner. After this review, Westpac has strongly replied of leaving customers or stopping their business with them who comes under unethical company. This structure again gives recognition to Westpac in World Most Ethical(WME) companies list which is the sixth year in a row. Findings The understanding advises managers have to concentrate on problemewcfs, which related to leadership, structure and code of conduct of the organization while going for ethical practices. The leadership at various parts of the organization will have to create a strong understanding of ethics by giving benefits and punishment and communication. The decision to act ethically should be moral, employees should think which action is the right. Any route that gives the company short-term profit unethically should be, avoided. Ethical behavior and corporate social responsibility can bring important change into business by: Attracting customers for organization products, thereby boosting sales Reducing labor absenteeism and encourage employees for work. Attract the investors and which can keep the share prices high However, above are the benefits that ethics can provide in the organization. Ethics can be applied in every department of the organization with the help of the manager and its management. The manager takes the control of positions of authority those have to conduct ethically. It also monitors the employees behavior towards his contribution with the desire of the organization. If there is any default in complying manger can take corrective action. This led managers to act with the functions of management that are by planning, which is done by the top level management who set the vision and mission where work is needed under their sight and at other areas where the principles are enough to govern, organizing creates a stage for reaching goals and objectives decided in planning (Schwarten, 2014). At this stage, resources given with distribution of responsibilities that can achieve the decided goal. After planning and organizing, its leading, which is the most important of these stages as in early stages, that is planning and organize are to be implemented. The fourth stage is controlling, which decides the outcome of this process or functioning of management. This stage charged with the role of management as well various factors that are internal or external for instance technology, diversity and structure. The most important of them is Diversity, which constitutes an organization that is a geographical location, human culture, goods and services. These factors highly affect the diversity of organization by giving pressure to management of making rules and regulations ethically. Furthermore, socialization is required among the managers for developing ethical practices by giving them voluntary adoption, which gives them a better application of ethical practices. Instruction regarding ethical practices should circulate among the stakeholders from the top most managers to low-level manager so that it can be applicable on every stage. There should value chain through which values give positive decisions. The ethics relate to two different terms that is corporate social responsibility and corporate governance. These terms heavily contribute in the ethical culture of an organization (Probono Australia, 2013). Corporate Social Responsibility The term corporate social responsibility refer to the term which originates from the ethically way of doing business. It made up from political and social causes that fixed organization fix percentage of earnings. Organizations have informed to take stand for the ways their operation influences society and its environment. They asked to apply supporting ways in which they conduct their business. Supporting meant for the organizational activities, which is considered as a voluntary part that concentrate with social and environmental concerns in business working and with the stakeholders (DAmato, et al., 2009). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) boosts the growth of the company by an increase in goodwill. Organizations face challenges and difficulties on implementation of CSR. These usually relate to issues either political or organizational and often attached to culture. The difficulty of working globally society gives either new demands or organization and its leadership. In the new era of CSR, there is need to be watch on the stakeholders, consumers, employees as well as NGO and activist groups have to be satisfied. A well-handled corporate social responsibility is in the favor of all stakeholders to not only consumers, but also shareholders, employees, suppliers and other business partners work together with the organization (HandUp Australia, 2013). A Corporate social responsibility is done by thinking of society diversification globally. It not only generates ethical behavior, but also provides team cooperation, collaborative teams and strategic alliance. Ethics and Corporate Governance Ethics and Corporate governance play an equal role in making the organization ethically and behaved and decision-making. Corporate governance is wider term that includes the rules relationship, policies and system where authority maintained in the organization. Corporate governance is mainly governed at the board of director level that influences the organization environment. Ethics is a narrow term as compared to corporate governance as it depends on the overall performance of the company whereas ethics depend on the society norms which are not clearly prescribed. Corporate governance with ethical behavior and decision-making gives a good contribution to the growth of the company by increasing goodwill. Corporate governance and ethics become more difficult when any indirect implications of practices that may affect the society in a negative way and make company unethical. Managers are the main key decision makers, which makes them accountable to stakeholders, shareholders, consumers and society. As per the Economist Milton Friedman, the only entities that can have responsibilities are individual and it noticed that only people are at charge can act ethically. Hence, the most difficult decisions in corporate governance are with those who are at the ethical level, as they have to consider consequence in various fronts that is personal, corporate and societal (Kelly, 2011). Systematically, an organization requires incorporating ethics with the existing activities of the managers at different levels. Those who linked with making of ethical practices are to be given protection from the risks of developing an alternate mechanism for ethical issues. Conclusion These findings are not though conclusive, it just highlights several issues. There is confusion what is ethics. At the time of ethical problem, there is always an issue of ethically right and self- interest. The decision made by keeping the ethical prospect in mind. It is also believed that business and ethics should work together for making an effective decision. Bibliography Business Case Studies LLP, 2016. The importance of ethics in business. Ethical business practices: A Cadbury Schweppes case study. DAmato, A., Henderson, S. Florence, S., 2009. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS: CCL Press, Available at: https://insights.ccl.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/CorporateSocialResponsibility.pdf HandUp Australia, 2013. Corporate Australia v The Worlds Most Ethical Companies. Corporate Australia v The Worlds Most Ethical Companies, 22 May Herald, T. S. M., 2010. Westpac one of the world's most ethical companies. Westpac one of the world's most ethical companies, 23 March, Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/westpac-one-of-the-worlds-most-ethical-companies-20100323-qsbz.html Kelly, G., 2011. Westpac Group: Code of Conduct: The Westpac Group, Available at: https://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/aw/Westpac_Group_Code_of_Conduct_August_2011.pdf May, S., 2006. Case studies in organizational communication : ethical perspectives and practices: Sage Publications, Available at: https://ethics.iit.edu/eelibrary/biblio/case-studies-organizational-communication-ethical-perspectives-and-practices Probono Australia, 2013. Aussie Banking Giants Most Ethical. Aussie Banking Giants Most Ethical, 03 April, Available at: https://probonoaustralia.com.au/news/2013/04/aussie-banking-giants-most-ethical/ Schwarten, E., 2014. Oxfam accuses ANZ, NAB, Westpac and Commonwealth of loaning to firms engaged in unethical practices. Oxfam accuses ANZ, NAB, Westpac and Commonwealth of loaning to firms engaged in unethical practices, 28 April. Team, W., 2014. Westpac Groups Principles for Doing Business: Westpac Group, Available at: https://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/aw/Principles_for_doing_business.pdf Westpac Banking Corporation, 2007. Corporate governance: Promoting ethical and responsible behaviour. Corporate governance: Promoting ethical and responsible behaviour. Wong, P. H., 2006. A study of business ethical practices in Australian organisations: a multiple case study, Available at: https://epubs.scu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049context=theses

Case Study Analysis Hypertension and Heart Failure

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Analysis of Hypertension and Heart Failure. Answer: 1) Why Hypertension leads to Heart Failure Hypertension is a disease that affects the normal rate of the heartbeat to either more than 140 over 90 mmHg. Because of the increased speed of the heartbeat, the normal functioning of the body is affected because the heart struggles to maintain the body operations. A patient is confirmed to be suffering from hypertension after several tests of the blood pressure. If there are consistent results of strange/abnormal heartbeat rates, then the patient is said to be hypertensive. The human body should be subjected to different physical activities so that blood flow can be managed. Insufficient physical exercises lead to thickening of lipids in the arteries that makes the heart struggle to pump blood. Also, eating foodstuff that is rich in salt can expose an individual to this disease. There are some long-term effects of hypertension that raises the chance of an individual being diagnosed with heart failure. For example, the vessels are narrowed, which makes it hard for the heart to effectively supply blood into the entire body. When a person is suffering high blood pressure, shortness of breathing is experienced, which means that the body will not be acquiring enough oxygen. Therefore, respiration system will be altered, and the lungs acquire droplets of water, which fully affects the breathing system causing pains in the chest. High blood pressure is related to enlarged heart size that reduces the ability of the heart to manage its pressure, thus leading to low blood pressure. Therefore, a higher chance of heart failure will be perceived because there will be no pressure to pump the blood through the artery to the body parts. People with hypertension are prone to kidney diseases, thus affecting its functionality. The kidney is very crucial in the body because it cleanses the blood from the body parts back to the heart for oxygenation, thus making the cycle effective. If the kidney does not undertake such requirements, the blood will reach the heart while it is still contaminated thus reducing its profitability to the body. In cases where the blood not purified, it means that there are higher chances of the body parts failing because the blood supplied is not up to the expected standards. As a result of the kidney failure disease, the patient might also be exposed to heart failure disease that is characterised by low power for the blood-pumping activity (Cheriyan, McEniery, Wilkinson, 2010). The brain of a person depends on oxygenated blood from the body just as the heart. In cases when the blood being pumped from the heart to other parts of the body is not nourishing, there are higher chances of some body parts failing. The brain is exposed to several critical diseases if it is not nourished by perfectly oxygenated blood from the heart. Stroke is among these diseases which make some of the brain cell to die. In such cases, one side of the body might be unresponsive, which might lead to heart failure. If the pressure of the blood is not controlled, the vessels connecting the heart and the brain can be weakened and destroyed, causing them to rupture, leak or narrow. Therefore, insufficient supply of the blood to the brain will lead to stroke and later heart failure. 2) Pathophysiology of Heart Failure The pathophysiologic processes that accompanies heart failure are complex because this is a disease that affects the entire body. The interactions and effects move from subcellular to the organs, thus affecting the normal functioning of the body in the body parts. The overwhelming of the adaptions for the networks leads to heart failure (Kitchens Maze, 2016). a) Adaptations There are some important adaptations of heart failure, and they are stated below: - Death and regeneration of myocyte in alterations. Activating the systems of Neurohormonal. Sustenance of cardiac functionality through the use of Frank-Starling methodology. Hypertrophy of myocardial with augmenting the mass of contractile tissue. The myocardial contractility is increased by norepinephrine released by the nerves of the cardiac. In cases when individual experiences acute heart failure, adaptive mechanisms that are used in maintaining the normal functioning of the heart might be destroyed, thus becoming ineffective. Myocyte hypertrophy, regeneration and death are the effects of increased stress of the walls of the cardiac. Therefore, if the functionality of the heart is affected, the output is altered leading to the provocation of neuroendocrine activation (Katz Konstam, 2012). b) Ang II Scientists have indicated that the effect of norepinephrine in cases of heart failure is the same as for Ang II. This compound is used to increase inotropy, reduce lusitropy and raise the level of afterload. All these processes lead to increased expenditure of energy for the heart. Also, Ang II has been used in the increment of myocyte of apoptosis. The myocardial function might be reduced progressively by And II as it balances the myocardial hypertrophy (Cheriyan, McEniery, Wilkinson, 2010). Therefore, the volume and mass of myocardial are increased as the loss of myocyte activated, which in turn leads to further increment of the myocardial mass and volume. c) Remodelling and Myocardial and Myocyte In heart failure disease, the increased volume of myocardial is directly linked to the large myocytes that are always approaching the end of the cycle. Therefore, after they fall off, they add weight to the ventricles, thus creating unfavourable environs in the heart, thus affecting the progenitor cells that are supposed to replace the myocytes. The effectiveness of these cells reduces, which leads to acceleration of the heart failure because of the failed regeneration process. The myocardial remodelling is characterised by increased mass and volume of the heart and an increased rate of myocyte loss. d) Diastolic and Systolic Failure When the stroke volume reduces, the chances of systolic and diastolic heart failure increases. Thereafter, chemo reflexes, central baroreflexes and peripherals are activated to manage the nerve traffic developed by the changes in the cardiac. Neurohormonal usually responds to the cases of reduced levels of stroke and this processes are clearly seen on people suffering from systolic heart failure. Some prognostic implication is identified when cardiac dysfunction is observed, which is correlated with plasma elevation. Norepinephrine is responsible for some abnormalities in a variety of signal transduction and reduction in the level of myocyte (Deedwania, 2012). e) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) The BNP and ANP peptides are activated as a result of the expansion ventricular pressure and volume. Therefore, these peptides are released from the ventricles and atria for the BNP and ANP respectively. Natriuresis and vasodilation are supported by these peptides, and their effects are neutralised by reducing the pressures in the ventricles, thus reducing the pre and after load of the cardiac. Sodium reabsorption in the tubule is inhibited by BNP and at the same time, it produces arteriolar vasodilation. These volumes/levels of BNP and ANP increased when chronic heart failure is suffered. Therefore, Brain Natriuretic Peptide has very important therapeutic, prognostic and diagnostic implications (Kearney, 2008). f) Left Ventricle (LV) Stiffness The left ventricle can increase in size if there is a combination of either the following: - The increment in the pressure is filling the ventricle. If a steeper pressure-volume curves for the ventricle is experienced. If the distensibility of the ventricular decreases (Kitchens Maze, 2016). As a result of a failure in myocarditis or acute valvular regurgitation, there might be an increase in the pressure in ventricular up leading to steeper curve. The steeper ventricular curve results by; increased wall thickness and ventricular mass, myocardial ischemia, fibrosis of endomyocardial, and infiltrate disorders such as amyloidosis (Kaplan, Victor, Kaplan, 2010). g) Left Ventricle Hypertrophy Left Ventricle Hypertrophy is led by increased overload of pressure, which also occurs in hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and aortic stenosis. Therefore, the pressure-volume curve in diastolic is shifted to the left to a place along the axis (Nadar Lip, 2009). Although the stiffness of the chamber may or may not be affected, the diastolic pressure is elevated in an abnormal manner. Increment if diastolic pressure leads to: - Increased demand for oxygen for myocardial Ventricle remodelling Myocardial Ischemia Maladaptive mechanisms are progressed eventually h) Arrhythmias All forms of heart failure are imparted with significant burden by arrhythmias as dangerous rhythms are experienced in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Also, some of the arrhythmias contribute to the occurrence of heart failure condition. Life-threatening arrhythmias are the most significant among all the rhythms associated with heart failure. Myocardial hypertrophy, ventricular dilatation and myocardial fibrosis are the most common structural substrates in arrhythmias. 3) Rationale of the Treatment According to the doctors prescriptions, it was important for the 64-year-old female patient to undertake some medicine that would help her recover from the state of breathlessness. This is a critical condition that could not be handled through outpatient health services, and that is the reason she was sent to the medical ward. The doctors decision was triggered by the results obtained after the testing the blood pressure that was found to be 156/96 mmHg, the heartbeat pulse at 128 bpm and a shallow respiration rate. These results show that the patient was suffering hypertension, and there were high chances that she had a heart attack. The patient has problems in breathing because of the affected cardiac functionality, and that is the reason behind the Ventolin 5mg medication, which helps in regulating the respiratory rate for asthmatic individuals. However, this disease did not help her, but it led to severe tremors ad anxiety, which worsened the situation. Intravenous (IV) therapy was used in cooling the situation and neutralising the effect of Ventolin into the body of the patient. The reaction observes after Ventolin was initiated into the body of the patient indicated that the health problem was not as a results lung disease. The next medical test was electrocardiogram, which shows that there was abnormal heart rhythm. Later, a chest indicated that there were some traces of fluid in the lung fields (Dez, 2014). Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) test was conducted to test the acidity of the blood from the artery and obtain the levels of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). According to the results obtained, the pH indicated that the blood was alkaline because the value obtained was above the normal range of values. The pressure of oxygen was found to be at a good pressure value but carbon dioxide values obtained was above the normal range which is between 35-45 mmHg. When the pressure of CO2 is perceived to be above 45 mmHg, it means that the gas is not able to move out of the body efficiently. Therefore, an intervention to accelerate the movement of CO2 out of the body is supposed to be used to balance the volumes to sustainable values. The bicarbonate values were within a manageable range although it was unable to maintain the pH of the blood. The oximetry reading shown that the patient needed 85% of 3 litres oxygen through the nasal prongs. After the patient was referred to the medical ward, there some medicines that were prescribed based on the medical tests undertaken and results undertaken. The doctor stated that the patient needed to be put in oxygen machine at 3 litres/minute through the nasal prongs. This would make her respiratory system managed effectively by providing sufficient flow of oxygen. The methyldopa 250 mg prescribed by the doctors was aimed at reducing the arterial pressure because the patient was diagnosed with a heart attack caused by hypertension condition. Also, physiotens (moxonidine) is a drug that is used to reduce/moderate the blood pressure, and this makes it an antihypertensive medicine. In this case, moxonidine is the component stimulates imidazoline receptors found in the brain, thus reducing the rate of sending signals blood vessels that make them narrow and contract (Semigran Shin, 2013). Plendil (felodipine) is also another medicine that was prescribed by the doctor for the 64-year-old patient. This medicine in categorised in a group of drugs that are known as calcium channel blockers (Matt Vera, 2013). It helps the blood vessels to relax/widen, thus reducing the workload on the heart by making the pumping process easier. Therefore, the blood pressure will be automatically lowered and perfectly managed. Karvia medicine was also used as an antihypertensive drug that, which is prescribed to be used by adults whose hypertension condition has no known/obvious cause. It is supposed to be used once in the morning to maintain the blood pressure and treat kidney disease if perceived. Karvezide 300 mg/25 mg is used by individuals who suffer hypertension just as the patient in this case. Its core use is the treatment of high blood pressure, and it contains a combination of hydrochlorothiazide and irbesartan (Hosenpud Greenberg, 2013). In the next morning, the patient was feeling much better after the use of the drugs prescribed by the doctor. Her wellness was fully supported by the oxygen provided, and whenever the supply was disconnected, she was unable to breathe. She was then assessed by the cardiologist, and Lasix 40 mg drug was ordered for the start and then to be continued every morning. The cardiologist stated that the patient suffered heart failure, and it was probably because of hypertension condition that she has had for many years. Use of Lasix (furosemide) 40 mg was aimed at reducing the excessive fluids in the lungs so that the respiratory system could be enhanced (MacGregor Kaplan, 2010). Therefore, the shortness of breath and hypertension could be managed effectively. The excessive fluids in the body are lost through urination when furosemide is taken. Lasix 40 mg dosage helped the patients respiratory system by clearing the excessive fluids in the lungs. Therefore, in the next morning, she confess ed that she was feeling much better, and her lungs felt good and free. 4) Nursing Interventions a) Nutrition This nursing intervention will be aimed at educating/informing the patient or her family members how they should manage the nutrition to enable the patient manage hypertension and heart failure effectively. The approach of this nursing plan will be connected to the avoidance of imbalanced diet/nutrition. Also, other cultural preferences and other activities to be undertaken towards nutrition will be included in the plan. It has been evidenced that skinfold for the triceps should not be more than 25mm for women and 15mm for men. Therefore, the patient or the family members will be advised to manage the diet to avoid obesity. The most effective and functional eating patterns for the patient will be advised to manage the body to desirable weight. An appropriate exercise system can be initiated for the patient to ensure that the respiratory system is enhanced (Michael Felker, 2010). The patient suffering heart failure should ensure that all cases that can lead to obesity are avoided because when an individual gains more weight, the blood pressure is perceived to raise. The patient or the carers should understand the direct relationship between hypertension and obesity. Their understanding prompts them to focus on exercises and weight loss because reducing weight will replace the use of the drug for therapy. Instruction are important to help the patient choose effective diets such as prioritising on fruits, low-fat foods, vegetable and avoid feeding on foodstuff with saturated fats. It is important to avoid cholesterol and fats to prevent atherogenesis. Elimination of drug therapy can be reduced or replaced by using dietary approaches to stop hypertension (Mann Felker, 2014). b) Decreased Cardiac Output There are several chances of experiencing decreased cardiac output for a person suffering hypertension or heart failure. The resistance of the vascular might be increased, suffering from ventricular rigidity myocardial ischemia (Rnao, 2009). It will be desired or effective for the patient to engage in activities which are perceived to reduce BP or cardiac workload. The blood pressure should also be managed within the acceptable or manageable range. Also, it will good for the patient if the cardiac rhythm is successfully maintained and engage in stress management activities. The stress level of a patient should be assessed to identify the best method to be used in reducing it to a manageable point (Stewart Blue, 2008). Based on laboratory report, a registered nurse can identify the factors that are contributing to the reduction of cardiac output. Some other factors such as skin colour and moisture can be identified to check the level of hypertension, thus paving a way for an effective method of control. The nurse will also advise the patient on the best ways to manage cardiac output. Also, the response of the medical interventions implemented will also be monitored and evaluated so that their effectiveness can be maintained (Bulechek, Butcher, Dochterman, Wagner, 2013). c) Coping Effectively A registered nurse is to focus on coping with different changes experienced when the heart failure condition is suffered. They should be advised to cope with exercises that help in managing the condition. For instance, a person who was used to little or no exercise might experience muscle fatigue after engaging in various physical activities advised by the doctor. Based on this nursing plan, the impossible coping behaviours should be identified so that alternatives evaluated (Nanda, 2012). Individual stressing agents should be determined and their potential effect evaluated. The capability of coping to the strategies will also be accessed by the nurse, thus showing the level of willingness to the treatment approach. It is normal that a person will try hard to fit in a medical intervention plan if it is perceived to help in a treatment process (Michael Felker, 2010). The patient is advised to focus on priorities of life, thus being able to undertint the current situation and effect on future life. Therefore, the patient will be assisted in planning for necessary changes in lifestyle, thus being helped to cope and fit perfectly. The patient should make life changes that are realistic and able to make her powerful and encourage in life. The patient should be informed that a lot physical and psychological changes will be experienced ("Heart failure: management", 2014). Therefore, it will be advisable to be ready for changes such as impaired concentration, fatigue, irritability among others. The negative thoughts perceived by the patient about the dangers connected with the condition should be replaced with positive ideas through encouragements. References Bulechek, G., Butcher, H., Dochterman, J., Wagner, C. (2013). Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences. Cheriyan, J., McEniery, C., Wilkinson, I. (2010). Hypertension. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Deedwania, P. (2012). Heart failure. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. Dez, J. (2014). 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